Our History

January 1907: The Children’s Orthopedic Hospital

1924: Children’s Orthopedic Hospital

March 1963: The Children’s Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center

April 1986: Children’s Hospital and Medical Center

June 1997: Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center

September 2008: Seattle Children’s

Our Founder, Anna Herr Clise

Anna Herr Clise

Wisconsin-born Anna Herr Clise, her husband James W. Clise and their newborn daughter Ruth arrive in Seattle on June 7, 1889, after James’s sister urges the family to leave their home and prosperous real-estate business in Colorado and join her in Seattle.

The family establishes a new home at the foot of Queen Anne Hill, just 38 years after the 24-member Denny Party – Seattle’s first white settlers – landed on the beach at Alki Point in 1851.

James quickly becomes one of Seattle’s leading real-estate developers and financiers. By 1893, Anna and James have added two more children – both boys – to Seattle’s swelling population of 43,000.

Just as hordes of gold prospectors flood Seattle for provisions on their way to the Yukon Territory, tragedy strikes the Clise family when their youngest son, 6-year-old Willis, becomes seriously ill. For all their money and connections, Anna and James are powerless to help Willis, and he succumbs to untreatable inflammatory rheumatism (acute swelling of the body’s joints) on March 19, 1898.

An Idea Born From Tragedy

Patients at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital circa 1908

At the time of Willis’s death, the closest children’s hospital is in San Francisco. However, the most advanced treatments for children are at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, some 2,800 miles away.

Eight years later, Anna and James escort their 17-year-old daughter, Ruth, to Miss Baldwin’s Finishing School in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, outside Philadelphia. It is late summer 1906.

In Philadelphia, Anna’s cousin, Dr. John Musser, who had established a ward for crippled children at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, gives her a tour of the hospital – the first institution in the United States dedicated to pediatric medicine.

In Syracuse, New York, Anna gets a tour of the Hospital for Women and Children, an organization founded by a group of the city’s leading women to treat female and childhood ailments and to train nurses.

During the week-long railroad journey back to Seattle, Anna reflects on Willis’s painful illness and dreams of starting an organization – like those she toured on the East Coast – to treat sick and crippled children in Seattle.

Marshalling Support

Letter from James Clise recounting the hospital’s beginnings to Dr. Park Weed Willis, one of Seattle Children’s first three physicians

On January 4, 1907, six months after her trip to Philadelphia, Anna gathers 16 of her friends – a Who’s Who of the city’s leading women – to discuss the lack of treatment options for children in local hospitals.

The women – almost all mothers – agree to form an association to provide surgical care for children with orthopedic disorders. Each of the original members agrees to pay an annual membership fee of $10; each also antes up an additional $10 to launch the treasury.

Later this year, the Dorcas Charity Club – an organization of Black women dedicated to the social welfare of Seattle’s African American community – reaches out to the hospital regarding the care of Madelaine Black, a 14-year-old Black girl with tuberculosis of the knee. Children’s and the club share the cost of her care, and in October, the hospital trustees establish a policy which lasts to this day – it will serve all children, regardless of race, religion, gender, or ability to pay.

A Dream Realized

Article on Anna Clise

On January 11, 1907, Anna Clise files the articles of incorporation for the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association. This institution becomes the first pediatric facility in the Northwest and the third on the West Coast. (Pacific Dispensary for Women and Children is founded in San Francisco in 1875 and Children’s Hospital Los Angeles is founded in 1901.)

At its first meeting on that same day, the trustees empower an executive committee of officers to transact the association’s business between board meetings.

Members attending board meetings are expected to wear hats, gloves and attire suitable for business. Knitting and tardiness are prohibited and absenteeism is permitted only for travel.

The bylaws do not limit board membership to women, but for the next 97 years, this is to be the de facto rule.

Several months after incorporation, a number of the initial trustees resign after they realize the difficult and time-consuming nature of providing children with free orthopedic care.

The First Arrangement

Children’s Orthopedic patients receive care at Seattle General Hospital, 1907.

After incorporating Children’s Orthopedic Hospital, the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association has no children, no orthopedists and no hospital.

While trying to raise $50,000 to build a new hospital, the trustees contract with Seattle General Hospital at Fifth Avenue and Marion Street to rent seven beds for $7 each per week. The fee covers bed, meals, nursing care and operating room charges ($50,000 in 1907 is worth about $1.3 million in 2016 dollars).

The trustees initially enlist internist and surgeon Dr. Casper W. Sharples to treat any patients the association might locate. Within two weeks, 11 other doctors agree to donate their services to the “hospital.”

The physicians and trustees agree that the beds they are renting at Seattle General Hospital are for children in need and that families with the means must pay for treatment. For example, unemployment when the father is able-bodied disqualifies a child for charity care.

Open for Business

Lady Bountifuls search for patients who can be helped at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital.

A Patient Selection Committee made up of Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association trustees and a physician assesses patients’ resources and circumstances through interviews.

The selection committee – whose members are called Lady Bountifuls – actively searches the community for children who are sick or on crutches.

In its first year of operation in 1907, the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association treats 13 children on its ward at Seattle General Hospital at a cost of $1,000. Patient cases include curvature of the spine, congenital dislocation of the hip, bowed legs, club feet, flat feet, rickets, malnutrition and paralysis resulting from tuberculosis of the spine, hip and knee.

The Patient Selection Committee declines to take on 17 other cases that year due to concerns about infectious diseases, “weak-mindedness” and hospital stays estimated to be over two years.

Birth of the Guilds

Junior Guild members circa 1922

The Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association’s Membership Committee solicits charitable contributions to pay for the beds at Seattle General Hospital. By March 1907, 105 citizens buy $10 memberships in the association.

At a luncheon in the summer of 1907, trustees Olive Roberts and Betsey Wilson pitch the idea of starting neighborhood fundraising guilds to Anna Clise.

The Guild Committee meets regularly with representatives of all the guilds and reports on the financial condition of the Hospital Association, the work of the board and what items and services are needed.

Patients who are unable to walk use “banana carts.”

By the summer of 1907, the board of trustees moves ahead with its vision to build a hospital.

The Search and Sale

Queen Anne Hill circa 1907

Trustees Maude Parsons and Betsey Wilson climb the water tower on top of Queen Anne Hill to scout for an appropriate site. From the catwalk, they see an undeveloped tract of land served by multiple streetcar lines. The location is also a safe distance away from Seattle’s smoky and unsanitary downtown – important, since fresh air is believed to be a key to recovery and health.

On June 11, 1907, the trustees approve the purchase of three lots on Queen Anne Hill for $5,670.10.

Scaling Back the Vision

Queen Anne Hill circa 1907

The board envisions raising $50,000 to build a fully functional hospital, but they scale back their plans when a sharp recession hits the nation in 1907. The fallback plan unfolds as “Fresh Air House,” located at 114 Crockett Street – a convalescent house where Children’s Orthopedic Hospital patients recover from surgeries performed at Seattle General Hospital.

The construction budget is set at $2,500, although the final project comes in under budget at $2,128.53.

Neighborhood Opposition

Girl on crutches

When the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association’s plans for Fresh Air House become known, several neighbors near the new site object that the presence of “deformed children” will disturb their quiet surroundings and depress their property values. They argue that pregnant women in the neighborhood will suffer risks to their own unborn babies if they view crippled children.

The neighbors draft an ordinance that all children convalescing after surgery be sent to the “Pest House” on Seattle’s Beacon Hill – an infirmary where the county sends citizens with contagious diseases such as diphtheria and tuberculosis.

Fortunately, the city engineer supports the association’s mission and the trustees receive the needed building permits.

A Place of Their Own

Fresh Air House, 1908

On June 1, 1908, Fresh Air House opens its doors.

It is a simple cedar-shingled house with one fireplace, two sleeping porches with awnings, three bedrooms able to hold up to a dozen beds, a doctor’s room, a room for bandaging and casting, a kitchen, a combined dining and reception room and a basement where the matron nurse takes a room.

The physicians serving Fresh Air House order the cook to give patients the best food available in local markets so that the children have the strength to recover from surgery.

The trustees manage everything – except for the care of patients – from gardening to finances. Pound parties – where the price of admission for the general public to visit Fresh Air House is one pound of staple food per visitor – help fill the kitchen’s cupboards with flour, sugar, produce, jams and jellies.

Patients are allowed a 90-minute visit on Wednesdays and Sundays with no more than two visitors over the age of 14. Nurses stand guard at the front door to confiscate sweets being brought in for patients.

By the end of 1908, Fresh Air House admits 39 children, including the daughter of a local physician who pays $10 to have her treated there.

In 1909, trustees display an exhibit of photographs documenting the work of Fresh Air House at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition in Seattle – Washington’s first world’s fair.

First Hospital Director

Until the mid-1950s, nurse superintendents ran the hospital (photo circa 1920).

In 1909, nurse Lillian Carter, called “Mama Lillian” by the children, becomes the first “superintendent” of Fresh Air House – a title held by hospital directors for the next 45 years (all of whom are nurses).

That same year, the Washington State Legislature requires nurses to be certified and designates the title of Registered Nurse to those who complete two years of study.

Focus on Pediatrics

Madeline Black is hospitalized for over a year before physicians must amputate her leg.

In 1909, surgeon Casper W. Sharples recruits Dr. George McCulloch to see patients at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital. McCulloch, the first pediatrician west of the Mississippi, broadens the scope of the hospital and the types of patients admitted.

By 1910, physicians have a better understanding of nutritional fluid-electrolyte disorders and infectious diseases. McCulloch demonstrates that the hospital can treat many conditions other than orthopedic ones.

Orthopedics, ophthalmology and dentistry are the first specialty services at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital. Physicians leave their private practices for several hours each week and travel to Fresh Air House to treat patients.

First Home Care and Social Services

A boy peeks his head out of a door.

In 1910, cases of poliomyelitis (polio) surge in Seattle, leaving large numbers of children with motor paralysis and atrophied skeletal muscles. Since Fresh Air House prohibits contagious disease cases, the trustees hire Hortense Marion to visit sick children at home.

Nurse Marion instructs parents on their children’s polio care and also visits orthopedic patients after hospital discharge.

A Proper Hospital

The new hospital under construction

Successful fundraisers, bequests and the timely donation of property bordering Fresh Air House allow the trustees to commission the construction of a three-story brick hospital complete with an operating room, sun porch and enough space to accommodate 70 patients. The total cost is $76,000. The structure is designed to permit the addition of a fourth floor and two additional wings in the future.

On March 15, 1911, trustees and 3,000 supporters dedicate the building.

The Seattle Times calls the new Children’s Orthopedic Hospital the most modern and well-equipped hospital on the West Coast; yet no sooner does the hospital open than the trustees organize a community pencil sale to finance a much-needed elevator so that nurses do not have to carry patients, meals and supplies up and down three flights of stairs.

Fresh Air House becomes a nursing residence and staff annex through the 1940s.

Expanded Focus

Surgeons in the operating room at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital circa 1912

In 1912, the trustees open the hospital to patients for nonorthopedic surgeries such as tonsillectomies and appendectomies.

Teachers and Preachers

One of the first staff members at Fresh Air Cottage is a kindergarten teacher. This emphasis on education continues in the new hospital with Seattle School District teachers who provide students with daily lessons.

The hospital ward functions as a makeshift school for part of every day.

Many patients have skeletal problems that require months of bandaging and positioning. Nurses keep notes on the slow progress of patients’ orthopedic illnesses. Two years of nurses’ notes are kept on a single index card!

In addition to daily physical therapy, patients receive frequent visits from clowns and storytellers and are well supplied with books, music, games and toys; however, movies are strictly forbidden.

Student nurses from Seattle General Hospital also provide a free source of labor for the hospital and another important diversion for patients.

In 1913, trustee Elizabeth Fischer recruits John L. Taylor as a volunteer Sunday school teacher, and he leads Bible instruction classes for the next 25 years – well into his 80s. Taylor’s successors continue to provide spiritual support from a Judeo-Christian perspective until the early 1990s, when the chapel becomes a place of meditation inclusive of all faiths.

Our Founder Retires

Anna Herr Clise, founder of Children’s Orthopedic Hospital

Anna Clise resigns from the board in 1915 after eye surgery for glaucoma results in her blindness. The board elects Anna Founder and Honorary Trustee before she and husband James move to Altadena, California, on the instructions of her physician.

In the early 1920s, Anna's daughter, Ruth Clise Colwell, joins the board.

Assistance: Government and Retail

Many Alaska Native children receive treatment at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital.

In 1915, charity cases fill 80% of the beds at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital, and the trustees look for creative ways to pay for nursing staff and other operating costs, such as food.

They lobby county commissioners to pay some of the costs of care for poor patients from their jurisdictions. Eventually, the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association receives $150 per month from Seattle’s King County for local indigent children, and $1.50 from the territorial governor of Alaska for each Alaska Native patient.

After World War I, the trustees also open two profitable businesses staffed by volunteers: a café and a thrift shop. By 1924, the combined revenue from these two ventures covers half of the hospital’s payroll for 15 nurses.

The Advent of World War

Patients at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital circa 1915

In 1918, the United States government drafts nine of the hospital’s volunteer physicians and some of its nurses. Trustees cut costs by dispensing with nicely published annual reports and dig deep into their own pockets to pay for heating oil. They also organize a Melting Pot drive to collect scrap metal for the war effort. Charitable donations to the hospital dip to an all-time low.

A Controversial Windfall

The trustees receive an unusual bequest from Samuel S. Pinschower. Upon his death, the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association inherits Pinschower’s diamond jewelry and the Midway Hotel – a notorious establishment that includes a gambling den, three saloons and a brothel! The trustees receive much-needed cash from rents and the sale of these assets.

Surgical Certification

Surgery at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital circa 1920

The Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association secures certification from the American College of Surgeons (ACS) after they recruit a volunteer pathologist and hire a stenographer to manage doctors’ reports and patients’ records. They are proud to receive a Class A rating from ACS after implementing Grand Rounds – weekly conferences for medical staff.

Facility Expansion Continues

After World War I, the wards are full.

As physicians return from World War I and begin referring new cases from their restored practices, Children’s Orthopedic Hospital exceeds its capacity of 71 patients. The board begins construction of the hospital’s fourth floor and purchases two lots and a house next to the hospital. Skinner Cottage, also called Sunshine House, adds 14 beds to the hospital and is connected to the main building by a glassed-in playroom.

From 1911 to 1920, there are major changes in the understanding of infectious diseases, including diphtheria, tetanus, measles, chicken pox and smallpox. In 1918, the trustees create an infectious disease ward with proper isolation and prevention measures, partly in response to the influenza epidemic that takes the lives of 1,003 Seattle residents.

Second Generation

New trustees continue their commitment to care for all children.

In the early 1920s, the second generation of trustees begins to join the board:

• Frances Skinner Edris, daughter of trustee Jeanette Skinner
• Dorothy Stimson Bullitt, daughter of trustee Harriett Stimson
• Olive Kerry, daughter of trustee Katherine Kerry
• Ruth Clise Colwell, daughter of founder Anna Herr Clise

The First Logo

The hospital’s first logo, the Bambino

Trustee Betsey Wilson sees an emblem in a newspaper advertisement for a local bank and convinces the board to adopt it as the hospital’s official symbol. It is an oval Italian Renaissance medallion of a swaddled infant. The board unofficially christens the symbol the “Bambino.”

Less than 10 years later, in 1932, the new American Academy of Pediatrics adopts the same logo.

In Memoriam

Nurses relax outside the Frances Skinner Edris Nurses’ Home.

Trustee Frances Skinner Edris passes away 24 hours after giving birth to a daughter. Stunned trustees and community members donate generously in her memory, and in 1924, the Frances Skinner Edris Nurses’ Home opens on hospital property with room for 40 nurses.

New Leadership

Patients wear casts to reshape bones crippled by polio, tuberculosis and rickets.

In February 1926, the trustees introduce orthopedic surgeon Dr. Charles F. Eikenbary as Children’s Orthopedic Hospital’s new chief of staff – an unpaid position.

Eikenbary takes the job on the condition that the hospital focus solely on orthopedic conditions and clear its wards of patients with infectious diseases.

Seven years later, Eikenbary cuts his finger during a surgery. The wound heals, but his demanding schedule at the hospital does not allow him to regain his strength. Pneumonia follows, and he dies on December 31, 1933.

After Eikenbary’s untimely death, physicians return to treating non-orthopedic cases. The trustees wait for eight years before they name Dr. Herbert Coe chief of staff in December 1941.

Corner Cupboard

Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Thrift Shop circa 1940

Trustee Dorothy Stimson Bullitt envisions a money-maker for Children’s Orthopedic Hospital modeled after the Women’s Exchange in San Francisco: an outlet for high-quality craft items made by women at home. When the board denies her seed money to fund the project, she takes a $200 loan from the hospital association against future profits and opens The Corner Cupboard in downtown Seattle.

In its first month in December 1926, the shop nets more than $1,000.

The Corner Cupboard remains a unique downtown Seattle institution until 1989, the very same year that Bullitt, a hospital supporter for 67 years, passes away.

A New Wing

New hospital wing, 1928

Eikenbary and the board press forward to build a new east wing, which includes demolition of the Fresh Air House and the Sunshine Playroom. Friends of Children’s Orthopedic Hospital pledge the astronomical amount of $250,000, but the actual fulfillment of those pledges comes up short.

With the help of an anonymous donor and a bank loan, the new wing opens in January 1928. Years later, the donor is revealed to be aviation pioneer William E. Boeing.

Because patients live at the hospital for many weeks at a time, the staff place great emphasis on education, play, exercise and physical therapy. The new wing features:

• An outpatient department with offices and exam rooms
• 80 more inpatient beds
• A shop for making orthopedic braces
• New operating and waiting rooms
• A playroom with large fireplace
• A therapy pool with overhead suspension system for physical therapy

The Calm Before the Storm

Children get plenty of fresh air on the rooftop sun porch at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital.

By 1929, the average stay at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital is 52 days. Some children stay for years as they undergo multiple surgeries to straighten spines and legs.

Snapshot of Children’s Orthopedic Hospital in 1929

• Has treated more than 15,000 children since the hospital’s inception
• Has one of the nation’s first dedicated pediatric surgeons
• Is at the top of the American Academy of Surgeons’ list of Class A hospitals across the United States
• Employs 104 staff members, including 53 nurses
• Has 150 inpatient beds
• 60 patients attend school in the hospital.
• 90% of patients receive free care, which is supported through hospital association dues, gifts, investment income and volunteer labor.
• Depends on volunteer surgeons, physicians, dentists and other medical professionals
• Has 51 guilds, 18 auxiliaries and affiliates in Tacoma, Olympia, Sumner, Snohomish and Yakima
• More than 2,900 hospital association members pay dues to support hospital operations.
• Operates profitable café and thrift and crafts stores

The Great Depression

Patients enjoy a performance on the lawn at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital.

The trustees feel the first chill of the economic winter in spring 1930, when membership drives fall short and requests for free care and the number of serious cases spike.

Parents of some private patients resent the fact that their children and those of nonpaying families receive the same quality of care. Some staff members advocate segregating the two classes of patients. The trustees adamantly refuse.

Employees voluntarily surrender their paid vacations, yet the trustees must still cut salaries. Guilds disband and some of the hospital association’s most experienced leaders and volunteers resign to seek work to support their families. Nine out of ten patients continue to receive free care.

Even during the leanest times, trustees continue to write personal thank-you letters to donors, volunteers and guild members.

In 1935, trustees borrow $50,000 from the endowment to keep the hospital afloat. The hospital jumps from an $8,000 deficit to a $19,000 surplus in 1939 – more paying patients and generous donations signal the end of the Great Depression.

The American College of Surgeons heaps praise upon Children’s Orthopedic Hospital for maintaining its quality of care during the Depression, and other hospitals look to Seattle as a model.

Creative Financing

In 1932, the board launches its first Penny Drive – a door-to-door effort that nets the hospital $7,000. It takes two tellers at Washington Mutual Savings Bank most of two days to count the profit.

Guild members from across the state raise money for Children’s Orthopedic Hospital during the annual Penny Drive in May.

For the next 52 years, on a designated Saturday in May, guilds, Elks, Rotarians, Eagles, Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts fan out across the state, asking hospital patrons to fill their envelopes, jars and cans with coins.

In 1938, the Mary Meyers Guild begins to sell appointment calendars – a useful product that keeps the Children’s Orthopedic name in the public eye all year long. To this day, the calendars continue to raise money for the hospital.

Milestones

Clise headstone at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Seattle

Hospital founder Anna Clise dies in California in February 1936. Although Clise has not been active in the hospital for 20 years, her commitment to children inspires all of those who follow. The trustees commission a bronze plaque in her memory.

Six months later in August 1936, founding trustee and past president Harriet Stimson passes away.

In 1937, Ruth Clise Colwell, Anna’s daughter, is elected as board president.

Christmas at the Orthopedic

Trustees try to make the holidays festive since patients are separated from their families. Volunteers decorate a large tree in the playroom and a Seattle-area climbing club, The Mountaineers, hangs lights on the outside of the hospital.

Christmas at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital, 1930s

All the children eagerly wait for Santa Claus, who comes with gifts for every patient – either delivered personally or tied in a bag at the foot of the bed.

In 1930, Neal Tourtellotte (son-in-law of trustee Elizabeth Powell) volunteers as Santa, a role he fills faithfully for the next 30 years. Beginning in 1972, auto dealer Phil Smart Sr logs 27 seasons as Santa.

Boxers and Presidents

Jack Dempsey with patients

Former heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey, a frequent and popular visitor to Children’s Orthopedic Hospital, suffers a knockout of his own at the hospital one Sunday morning in 1931.

As Dr. John LeCocq changes a young boy’s dressing on an open wound caused by a bone infection, Dempsey saunters over to watch. In the days before penicillin and sulfa, physicians put live maggots in wounds to eat away dead tissue. One look and Dempsey keels over and is out to the count of 10!

While campaigning for president in 1932, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt stops by the hospital to greet patients and is particularly impressed with the therapeutic swimming pool – a godsend for children rehabilitating muscles atrophied by polio.

A year later, the Georgia retreat where Roosevelt undergoes hydrotherapy for polio sends Children’s Orthopedic Hospital a share of the proceeds from a benefit gala celebrating the new president’s birthday.

A Double-Edged Sword

Patients show their patriotism during World War II.

On September 1, 1939, German troops pour into Poland. That very same day, 30-year trustee Rose Gottstein, the hospital association’s first Jewish member, passes away.

After the United States declares war on Japan in December 1941, the city of Seattle holds its first nighttime air-raid drill and requires the hospital to douse all lights or cover the windows. Physicians perform two appendectomies during that inaugural drill.

Although displays of patriotism are at an all-time high, the trustees decline a gift of a large American flag to display in front of the hospital out of fear that Japanese bombers might mistake the building for a government facility.

Some of the Northwest’s young men and women volunteering for military service are former Children’s Orthopedic Hospital patients. When one such young man is killed in action in the South Pacific, his grandmother donates the proceeds of his $10,000 GI life insurance policy to the hospital.

Wartime Shortages

As younger men and women join the services, those physicians and nurses not drafted must care for a growing caseload due to the wartime population boom in Seattle.

Older physicians such as Drs. John LeCocq, Jay Durand and Vernon Spickard continue to volunteer their services at the hospital. Almost every night, they perform surgeries with the help of a nurse anesthetist loaned by the U.S. Army. When she is shipped overseas, the surgery schedule is cut in half.

A page from the hospital’s 1944 annual report

With consumer goods going to the war effort, steel braces from healed patients must be reused for other patients. Trustees send the hospital sugar ration books to Wenatchee and Yakima so guild members can continue to can fruits and jams for the hospital. Volunteer physicians see their private-practice patients at hospital clinics to save on gas.

On the bright side, growing defense payrolls allow more families to pay for their children’s care. (The 1943 advent of Blue Cross insurance in King County also gives some families help to pay for hospital expenses.)

Interns and Residents

Interns and residents were critical during World War II (photo circa 1950s).

With most of the medical staff shipped off to war and a growing list of children waiting for hospital admission, the volunteer physicians lobby the board and receive approval to allow interns and residents to perform surgeries and staff clinics. The residents remain under the supervision of the volunteer physicians.

Volunteers to the Rescue

In the past, few volunteers have been permitted into Children’s Orthopedic Hospital, for fear of contagion. Labor shortages associated with the war change all of that. On any given day in the early 1940s, as many as 100 volunteers are found in service at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital, doing everything from stockroom work and haircuts to patient transport.

Since the 1940s, volunteers have played an important part in the hospital’s day-to-day activities.

In 1944, the Seattle Real Estate Board (now Seattle King County Realtors) names Children’s Orthopedic Hospital “Seattle’s First Citizen,” in recognition of the thousands of volunteers who gave their time to the hospital. This is the first of only two times the award has been given to an entire institution.

Surprising Bequests

Bequests have paid for services that ensure all children receive the very best care.

In the early 1900s, bachelor Alvah Henry Bedell Jordan and his partners buy the Everett Pulp and Paper Mill in Lowell, Washington. Although he lives alone, except for a housekeeper and cook, he is a giant in the business, civic and political affairs of the North Puget Sound area.

In 1942, Jordan dies and the board is surprised to find that he leaves most of his estate to Children’s Orthopedic Hospital in the form of a 20-year residuary trust – the largest bequest received since the hospital’s inception. By 1951, the estate is worth $4 million, and through the 1970s it pays the hospital more than $150,000 a year.

Lifelong bachelor Charlie Olson wills the farm he homesteads outside Auburn, Washington, to Children’s Orthopedic Hospital. After Olson passes away in 1942, the hospital sells the 80-acre pastureland to Clyde and Mamie Berryman.

Fifty-two years later, in 1995, son Harry Berryman inherits the property. He and his wife Judy, a 28-year member of the Milnora De B. Roberts Guild, decide to donate the property back to Children’s through a charitable remainder trust.

“Everything is a plus when you’re involved in a guild. The rewards come from seeing the money raised directly benefit the hospital,” says Judy.

Medical Spinoffs From the Battlefield

Surgery at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital

New surgical techniques developed for wounded soldiers are translated to pediatrics to heal burns, repair twisted limbs and correct other deformities.

Children with infections who once suffered and died now thrive with the widespread use of antibiotics, sulfa drugs and penicillin – drugs that were first given to soldiers in the field.

These medical advances make death in childhood a relatively infrequent event and help children’s hospitals become institutions of greater hope.

Designed for Children

The Peter Rabbit Room, 1945

In 1945, Superintendent Lillian Thompson looks for a way to soothe children awaiting operations. She transforms the hospital’s anesthesia room into the “Peter Rabbit Room,” a space decorated with storybook characters.

Later, Thompson’s therapeutic interior designs are shown to hasten and improve recoveries – a design technique that continues at the hospital to this day.

The Bifurcated Board

The hospital’s 1944 annual report showcases a variety of guild fundraisers.

In 1945, the guilds’ existence and influence requires the board of trustees to vote in a new governing structure in which the board president represents the guilds and the board chairman addresses the interests of the hospital.

Growing With the Region

Clinic nurses work with patients and families in an overcrowded hospital hallway, 1945.

Even before World War II begins, Children’s Orthopedic Hospital’s wards are packed with patients.

When the war ends, GIs returning to Seattle take their veteran’s benefits and start families. With the advent of the post-war baby boom comes a huge demand for all services related to families – including medical care.

Now, in 1945, closets and storerooms overflow, physicians must meet in the Playroom and the trustees surrender their board room for staff offices.

The hospital association buys an apartment house near the hospital and shuffles staff among available spaces with no appreciable relief to the overcrowded conditions.

The trustees begin discussing another facility expansion – and further broadening the hospital’s scope beyond orthopedic care.

The First Faculty

University of Washington medical students receive instruction in pediatric medicine.

Also in 1945, the Washington State Legislature reviews plans to establish a school of medicine at the University of Washington – a proposal initiated years earlier by Dr. Vernon Spickard, a community pediatrician and physician leader at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital.

In 1947, the first class of medical students begins their training, and the medical school dean asks Children’s Orthopedic Hospital to be part of the curriculum.

In 1948, Dr. S. Allison Creighton is hired as a staff pathologist. As the first salaried full-time physician on the medical staff, Creighton spends one day a week at University of Washington instructing medical students and is one of the first Children’s Orthopedic Hospital physicians to take a teaching appointment there.

A Great Find Not Without Dissension

Members of the board of trustees scout the location for the new hospital in Laurelhurst.

Once the Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association Board of Trustees determines there is not enough space to build a new hospital at the current Queen Anne Hill location, trustee Dorothy Bullitt jumps at the chance to acquire a newly available 22-acre tract on Sand Point Way, not too far from the University of Washington. Since large tracts of land are becoming scarce in Seattle, she puts down a $25,000 deposit to hold the site without even consulting the rest of the board.

On June 14, 1946, board chairman Frances Owen breaks with tradition and asks that board members vote by secret written ballot on the $150,000 land purchase and $5 million estimate to build a new hospital. Only one trustee votes no – and only she knows her identity.

When area residents get wind that a 170-bed hospital is being planned for their Laurelhurst neighborhood, they mount an organized resistance. More than 150 people attend a Laurelhurst Community Club meeting to hear Owen explain the hospital’s plans. They vote 87 to 65 to oppose the hospital’s rezone application to the city.

Undaunted, Owen mobilizes guild members to attend official city hearings. She promises the City Council that the new hospital will be no more than two stories high, set well back from property boundaries and have adequate parking. With these assurances, the rezone application is approved.

Putting Children’s on the Map

We stand by the belief that no illness should rob a child of childhood.

In 1948, Dr. Alexander (Sandy) Bill arrives at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital as one of the nation’s first pediatric surgeons trained under Dr. Robert Gross at Boston Children’s Hospital – the founder of pediatric surgery in the United States.

Bill is chief of pediatric surgery from 1966 to 1979 and establishes Children’s Orthopedic Hospital as one of the first and best residency training programs in pediatric surgery and a center of excellence for pediatric surgery. Bill also serves as chair of the Surgical Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Guilds Open to Diversity

From the start, we have provided care to patients regardless of race, religion or gender.

Since Children’s Orthopedic Hospital’s beginning, trustees honor their pledge to treat all children regardless of race or religion; however, membership in the all-white guilds is by invitation only, which leaves people of color only one option: underwriting “named beds” or “named rooms” without being able to take part in guild activities.

By 1950, times begin to change. African American residents in Seattle’s Central Area form the Idell Vertner Guild, named after a YWCA leader. In 1955, “a new colored guild” is named after Mary McCloud Bethune, founder of the National Council of Negro Women.

A New Campaign

The Children’s Orthopedic Hospital trustees and guild members begin in earnest on their $5 million campaign to build a new hospital – the largest fundraising goal for a single charitable project in Seattle’s 98-year history.

Construction photos of the new hospital in Laurelhurst, 1951

The board hires a public-relations director – a role previously filled by volunteers – to publicize the campaign. Industrialist Paul Pigott heads a committee of 24 prominent businessmen who commit to raising $1 million.

By January 1950, the campaign secures less than $3.5 million – partly due to an economic slowdown around U.S. involvement in the Korean War. The trustees consider delaying the project, but reason that they can qualify for priority in construction materials as part of national defense if they stay on schedule for a spring 1951 groundbreaking.

By fall 1951, the general outline of the new hospital is evident as workers pour concrete for the walls. Although the press reports regularly on construction progress, the community is not moved to help cover the $1 million–plus campaign shortfall. Trustees vote unanimously to borrow the needed balance, using the principal in the endowment as collateral.

On April 25, 1952, nine months after construction begins, the still-incomplete hospital complex is dedicated. The final cost is $4.6 million.

The hospital comes to be known as the Pink Palace, a name that references its exterior color.

Preparing to Move

Children exercise outside the Queen Anne Hill hospital.

Moving-company owner Claude Bekins arranges for the Truck Owners Association to donate their vehicles and members of the Joint Council of Teamsters donate their backs. Far West Taxi Company volunteers to deliver patients.

For several months prior to the move, only urgent or short-term cases are admitted and Children’s Orthopedic Hospital’s census is gradually reduced to 56 children.

Trustees develop a color-coded system for all hospital items so that movers will know exactly which entrance of the new hospital they should be delivered to. Volunteers tag everything from X-ray machines to bedpans. On the day of the move, even the patients wear tags!

An Amazing Day

At 7:30 a.m. on Saturday, April 11, 1953, moving vans with banners on their sides proclaiming “Operation Orthopedic” crowd the streets around Children’s Orthopedic Hospital on Queen Anne Hill.

Patients who are able don their street clothes. Every child receives a sack lunch, and some clutch brightly colored balloons provided by the Far West Taxi drivers who will take them to their new home. Some children, including three premature infants, travel by ambulance.

Volunteers pitch in to move children and equipment to the new hospital in Laurelhurst.

Approximately 1,000 people participate in the move, including teams of Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts who hold signs at intersections, ready to direct drivers along the eight-mile route from Queen Anne to Laurelhurst.

As cabs and ambulances arrive at the new Laurelhurst facility, patients laugh and shout with excitement. Contractor Howard H. Wright asks board chairman Frances Owen to shield him from public view as he wipes away tears of pride.

By 2:30 p.m., all of the equipment is in place and the kitchen staff starts cooking dinner.

After the new facility opens in 1953, the average hospital stay is seven days, down from 52 days in 1929. (By 2006, the average length of stay is five days.)

Shifting Traditions

Nurses and patients enjoy an outside break at the new hospital in Laurelhurst.

With the hospital’s move to Laurelhurst, many accustomed practices begin to shift. The first to go is housing for nurses and a separate house for the hospital superintendent. Trustees cite cost savings as the reason, but the change also reflects women’s growing self-reliance.

Chief of staff Dr. Vernon Spickard summons the volunteer medical staff for an orientation and briefing at the new hospital. He hopes that at least 250 will attend and 420 show up – an indication of the prestige attached to staffing at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital.

In 1953, the hospital employs only two physicians – a pathologist and a radiologist. The rest of the hospital’s physicians are community doctors, including Spickard, who volunteer or discount their services for charity cases and maintain private practices that are not part of the hospital.

The dean of the University of Washington School of Medicine urges the trustees to employee a full-time chief of staff, and the trustees move cautiously toward the direct employment of more physicians.

First Heart Procedure

Physician and patient, 1950s

In October 1953, Dr. Dean Crystal performs the hospital’s first heart catheterization – a procedure in which a tube is inserted into a patient’s arm and guided to the heart to repair malformed blood vessels.

Within six months, physicians at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital perform one of these operations each week.

Is it good for the children?

The Children’s Orthopedic Hospital Association Board of Trustees continues to manage all details of the hospital, right down to deciding to purchase used mops instead of new ones. As frugal as the board can be, they never cut corners when the expense involves the care of children.

Children’s is known for its exceptional nursing care.

At one board meeting, the trustees put a hold on an order from the Seattle Fire Department to replace all of the glass in the nurses’ stations with more fire-resistant panes until money becomes available. The next item of business – an even greater financial request – comes from the surgeons, who ask for new lights in the operating rooms.

Trustees promptly approve this request because the new lighting directly affects quality of care.

The Research Question

Research equipment

Research is a delicate subject at Children’s Orthopedic. While the board expects physicians to monitor the national development of new pediatric procedures gained through research, they are wary of participating directly in research lest the public think they are “experimenting” on children – especially poor children entrusted to their care.

This hesitancy is gradually eroded by mounting physician requests and the obvious benefits that research can bring to all children. In 1956, the trustees form a joint committee with doctors to fund small, discrete projects.

By 1959, antibiotics and other discoveries cut approximately 35 days out of the average hospital stay reported in 1929. The board is now firmly committed to research as one of the missions at the Orthopedic and to building separate laboratory space to accommodate projects.

At the same time, trustees are clear that research funds will not be drawn from resources for charity care.

Doctor Docter

Dr. Jack Docter, circa 1975

By the mid-1950s, Chief of Staff Vernon Spickard and other volunteer physicians are overwhelmed by the patient load at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital and the teaching demands imposed by the University of Washington.

Spickard convinces the Medical Executive Committee to hire Dr. Jack M. Docter as the hospital’s first paid medical director to oversee patient care and hospital services. Docter’s likeable manner and his funny name are an instant hit with kids, and his skills and passion impress the city’s leading pediatricians.

The Innovative Administrator

Many specialists work together to care for patients with special needs.

Children’s Orthopedic Hospital administrator Eva Erickson is known for her logic, intelligence and a rare ability to conceptualize and implement better ways of delivering care.

Among the innovative medical practices Erickson institutes is the “coordinated care conference,” a meeting that brings together all of a patient’s care providers – physician, nurse, dietitian, teacher, psychologist, social worker – to develop an integrated plan of care that is tailored to that individual child.

Erickson also increases visiting hours so that families may see patients daily – a move that is immediately correlated to an improvement in patients’ emotional health.

Advances in Body and Mind

In October 1958, Drs. Robert A. Tidwell and Dean Crystal perform Children’s Orthopedic’s first open-heart surgery, on an 8-year-old girl.

Although the surgery is successful, it is not without its risks; nationally, less than 50% of patients survive after surgery, but they have no other options for survival without it.

A Children’s psychiatrist gives a patient a Rorschach test.

In the early 1900s, parents who came to the hospital with “feeble-minded” children received sympathy and were turned away. After World War II, advances in the understanding of child development and mental health spurred Children’s Orthopedic Hospital to hire its first psychologist to assist disfigured children in conjunction with the Cleft Palate Service.

By October 1955, the hospital’s Social Service Department opens a clinic for mental retardation. Volunteer psychiatrists, neurologists and pediatricians provide children with complete diagnostic care.

In its first year, the clinic evaluates 216 patients with a waiting list half as long. By 1959, the Pigott family’s Norcliffe Fund underwrites the salary of a full-time pediatrician for three years, demonstrating the need for children with mental retardation to receive pediatric specialty care.

The Birth of Mr. Yuk

Children’s toxicologist Dr. William O. Robertson

In 1952, as America pushes for what one corporation calls “better living through chemistry,” more than 1,440 Americans die of accidental poisonings – more than the combined number claimed by typhoid fever, typhus, malaria, smallpox, scarlet fever and whooping cough.

Many of these deaths are children who accidentally ingest cleaning products and pesticides.

In 1954, on the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Children’s Orthopedic Hospital establishes a Poison Control Information Center. Within two years, the center is training clinicians on how to handle poisonings.

Although originally conceived as a resource for nurses and doctors, more and more parents call the center directly. In its first year, the center averages 90 calls a month; four years later, it averages more than 650 calls each month, mostly from parents.

Children’s toxicologist Dr. William O. Robertson takes over as medical director of the center in 1971. He is the first physician to receive permission to use the green Mr. Yuk logo from its creator, the Pittsburgh Poison Center. Once permission is granted, Robertson goes on to order a personal license plate bearing the name “MR YUK.”

By 1979, Children’s Orthopedic is spending $100,000 per year to maintain the Seattle Poison Center; by 1984 it is fielding some 60,000 calls a year.

In 1995, the center spins off from Children’s Hospital as the nonprofit Washington Poison Control Center. Children’s gives the center a parting gift of $280,000 to help it on its way.

The Tide of Research

A Children’s patient receives an X-ray.

In the 1960s, increased research funding from the National Institutes of Health spawn incredible strides in medical knowledge. Along with the development of intensive care units for acutely and critically ill children, new techniques and therapeutic measures enable physicians to provide the very best care to patients.

What’s in a name?

In 1945, the idea of adding the identifier “medical center” to Children’s Orthopedic Hospital’s name is first suggested by trustee Dorothy Bullitt.

By 1960, less than 15% of the hospital’s cases are orthopedic and Dr. Jack Docter, Children’s medical director, wants the word removed from the hospital’s title. He argues that many highly qualified pediatric interns, residents, researchers and non-orthopedic specialists are confused by the hospital’s name and pass up job opportunities.

Hospital exterior

However, after spending half a century making “the Orthopedic” a household name in the Northwest, the trustees cannot make such a huge leap. In a compromise of sorts, the board formally changes the institution’s name to “Children’s Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center” on March 3, 1963.

As soon as the new name appears in medical and nursing journals, the hospital experiences a surge in intern and staff applications.

An Angel in Disguise

Milnor de B. Roberts breaks ground for the new research wing.

Research is a major activity that distinguishes a medical center from an ordinary hospital; yet the small amount of space dedicated to laboratories at the newly christened Children’s Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center cannot begin to accommodate the growing backlog of proposed investigations.

In 1950, Dr. S. Allison Creighton becomes laboratory director and his Department of Clinical Laboratories has two assistants, one microscope and one small room.

Fortunately, an angel named Milnor de B. Roberts offers a temporary solution.

Unmarried twins Milnor and Milnora de B. Roberts inherit substantial wealth and live in a large home near the University of Washington. Milnora is a longtime friend of the hospital and an early guild member. When Milnor’s twin dies in 1961, he asks Alice Sandstrom, Children’s business manager, how best to memorialize his sister.

The answer is laboratory space, and Milnor is happy to honor Milnora with a gift of $280,000 to the hospital. The new Roberts Wing opens in 1964, increasing lab capacity by 50%.

The following year Milnor dies and leaves an additional $434,000 to the hospital to aid future construction.

Milnor’s gift jump starts the Orthopedic’s research growth. By the time Creighton retires in 1977, the laboratory has 95 specially trained employees and millions of dollars worth of specialized equipment.

A National Resource

The Teddy Bear Clinic helps children learn about medical procedures.

Dr. Jack Hartmann joins Children’s research team in 1964 as head of Hematology and Oncology and investigates treatments for cancers, including chemotherapy following surgery. He brings psychiatrists, social workers and nurses together with patients and their families to help them deal with the long, uncomfortable and not always successful therapies.

Hartmann also helps organize the Children’s Cancer Study Group, an organization that coordinates national research studies to find more effective cancer treatments.

Research Under Scrutiny

Children’s physicians with a patient

Dr. J. Bruce Beckwith moves into Children’s Orthopedic Hospital’s new Roberts Wing to take over teaching and science in the expanded laboratory. He begins to study a rare cancer that affects the kidneys of young children. After Beckwith prepares a detailed clinical description, the condition is named Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome after him and a colleague in Germany.

While the hospital’s research role grows, the trustees actively monitor the research programs, continuing to fret over possible negative publicity. They bar clinical trials on patients lest the public think the hospital is “experimenting” on children.

Taking a Public Stand

Anti-fluoridation advertisement

In 1952 and 1963, Seattle voters reject initiatives calling for the introduction of fluoride to public drinking water.

Although the board is well aware of the research that shows the benefit of fluoride as a tooth-decay retardant, they choose to remain silent during election time. After the second initiative fails, Dr. Abe Bergman convinces the trustees that they have a public responsibility where matters of child health are concerned.

In 1968, with the support of Children’s Orthopedic’s chief of staff, the trustees formally endorse a third fluoride initiative and the measure passes with a solid majority. After this, the trustees create a Legislative Committee to guide future healthcare endorsements in the political arena.

Political Medicine

Senator Warren G. Magnuson

Dr. Abe Bergman is the third in-house clinician to join the Children’s Orthopedic staff. Hired to lead the Outpatient Department, he was a patient at the Orthopedic at the age of 3.

Bergman makes his first public mark with an inquiry into “crib death.” Together with Drs. Bruce Beckwith, George Ray and Donald Peterson, they author a paper on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

In 1965, the physicians organize a formal medical conference on SIDS, which in turn inspires major federal research funding via the National Institutes of Health.

The SIDS research teaches Bergman the value of the legislative process in solving public health problems, and brings him to the attention of Washington state’s powerful U.S. Senator Warren G. Magnuson.

In the fall of 1966, the emergency room at Children’s Orthopedic sees a rash of young burn victims whose pajamas and nightgowns had caught fire. Bergman knows this clothing can be made safer.

He invites Magnuson to tour the burn ward at Children’s Orthopedic, and by 1967 the Flammable Fabric Act Amendment mandates flame-resistant sleepwear for children.

Home Boy

Dr. Stanley Stamm, the Orthopedic’s second full-time house-based clinician, joins the staff fresh from medical school in 1953.

Stamm establishes the hospital’s first cardiopulmonary department and cystic fibrosis (CF) program. An outdoor enthusiast, he publishes studies on the value of recreation and fresh air for CF patients. These children, who do not survive beyond young adulthood in the 1960s, spend most of their waking hours struggling to clear their lungs of mucus.

After starting a swimming program, Stamm even organizes a swim team. That activity works out so well that he begins to think CF kids might benefit from a summer camp experience.

A camper gets some help fishing at the Stanley Stamm Summer Camp.

In August 1967, Stamm, medical director Dr. Jack Docter (who now heads the Cystic Fibrosis Clinic), chief resident Dr. Ron Lemire and other Children’s staff members take 19 children with CF and other chronic conditions to a camp in Carnation, Washington, for a week. Parents are not invited, thus giving them a break from caregiving.

The Stanley Stamm Summer Camp allows children with chronic conditions to meet and take part in normal childhood activities. The camp also gives medical staff a window into the lives of parents of chronically ill children.

In 2016, the Stamm camp celebrated its 50th anniversary.

Studying for the Future

In 1968, the trustees commission a study of the hospital and its future. Over a six-month period, consultants interview physicians and staff, examine floor plans and measure work flows.

At the conclusion of the study, consultants find some areas of the hospital lacking, particularly outpatient services, but among the community hospitals they evaluate across the nation, they find Children’s Orthopedic to be “unusually good.”

The Lions Club entertains Children’s patients.

The consultants recommend many changes to keep up with the demands of the growing region:

• A 20-bed psychiatric facility
• A 30-bed rehabilitation facility
• A full-time dentist
• New surgery rooms
• An emergency room
• Expanded clinic facilities
• A research wing for cancer, immunology and transplantation

It takes most of the 1970s and $34 million to turn the consultants’ recommendations into reality.

In 1971, a private room is $60 per day, an X-ray is $10, minor surgery costs $50 and major surgery is $80.

Quality Care With Dignity

President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Model Cities Program focuses on improving the physical and social needs of residents in urban areas with their direct participation.

The mayor enrolls Seattle’s Central Area in the federal program in 1967 and appoints an influential African American minister to run it. Neighborhood residents identify the creation of a free health clinic for children as one of their highest priorities.

Outpatient Department Director Dr. Abe Bergman, who volunteers his services in the Central Area, convinces the trustees that Children’s Orthopedic should organize a clinic.

The sticking point over local control is resolved with the formation of a health advisory board, elected by neighborhood residents, which approves the hiring of all clinic staff members.

The board recruits pediatrician Dr. Blanche Lavizzo and dentist Dr. Peter Domoto to head the clinic. The federal government approves a $220,768 grant, and in 1970 Children’s Orthopedic signs a contract with the city for the administration and operation of the neighborhood health clinic.

The advisory board recommends that the clinic be named for community activist and healthcare task force member Odessa Brown, who had died of leukemia the year before. Brown often shared her harrowing experiences trying to find medical care as a poor black woman.

The Odessa Brown Clinic opens its doors in May 1970 with very little publicity. Lavizzo coins the clinic’s motto, “Quality care with dignity.”

A unique element of the clinic is the employment of community health assistants from the immediate neighborhood. The assistants help families make and keep appointments, handle transportation to and from the clinic and navigate the social service system.

They are an invaluable bridge to the community, helping neighborhood residents overcome the cultural gulf between those who need treatment and those who provide it.

An Official Rainmaker

Children’s casting room circa 1970

In 1969, the board’s Development Committee suggests hiring Paul Harris, an experienced and well-connected local fundraiser.

At first, many trustees recoil at the idea of “professionalizing” a function they handle personally with traditional appeals such as the Penny Drive, Pound Party and Pencil Sale. They worry that the hospital will appear too commercial in the eyes of the community.

Within six months of hiring Harris, their resistance is overcome. He outlines a program to negotiate terms of life-income gifts, gift annuities, pooled income agreements and charitable remainder gifts – all new ways of meeting both donor and hospital needs.

That same year, King County’s largest employer, the Boeing Company, lays off 7,500 workers before Christmas.

More and more families appear at the Orthopedic’s clinics with no regular physician. The cost of free care rises to $2.5 million in 1971, while the books bleed $500,000 in red ink.

The “Boeing Bust,” when the company’s payroll shrivels from 100,000 to 40,000, persists through 1973.

Bailing Water

Children’s nurse with patient

In 1973, hospital donations cover the entire cost of uncompensated care ineligible for Medicaid or insurance. By 1983, donations cover just 35% of the cost. Children’s Orthopedic must make up this shortfall by using investment income and other revenues.

Becoming a Regional Specialty Center

Children’s campus

In the 1960s and 1970s, most of the hospitals in Seattle, including the University Hospital, close their pediatric services.

With the majority of sick children being sent to Children’s Orthopedic, the hospital develops outstanding specialized support for pediatric care – from skilled pediatric nurses and anesthesiologists to laboratories, radiologists and dedicated volunteers.

Community surgeons operate at Children’s Orthopedic because of the specialized pediatric nursing and high-quality pediatric anesthesiology, which significantly improves surgical outcomes. Most community physicians want their patients to be cared for at Children’s Orthopedic, the place where pediatric care is more sophisticated on all levels.

It is at this point in the early 1970s that Children’s Orthopedic begins to deliver care to all children across the region who require the most advanced specialty care.

STRIDING Forward

Breaking ground for the new wing

The Boeing Bust levels off by 1973 and the Puget Sound economy begins to rebound, thanks to federal funds for public works and services projects pumped in by the state’s U.S. senators – Henry M. (“Scoop”) Jackson and Warren Magnuson.

Children’s Orthopedic is once again bursting at the seams. Operating rooms strain to accommodate the 15-to-20–member teams now needed for complex procedures such as organ transplants. The original “in and out” board at the main entrance can only accommodate half of the 600 physicians with hospital privileges.

It’s been six long years since consultants recommend many improvements so that the hospital can keep pace with regional demand. The trustees are eager for another expansion. In 1974, they kick off a new fundraising campaign with a groundbreaking for a new five-story wing that will double the hospital’s floor space.

Named STRIDE – Surgery, Treatment, Rehabilitation, Intensive Care, Development, Education – the campaign raises $15 million, which is more than six times the next largest amount raised to that point in the Northwest.

In 1976, the hospital celebrates the amenities of the new wing, including a swimming pool; a 12-bed psychiatric ward; new pediatric and neonatal intensive care units; improved radiology facilities; remodeled surgical and emergency facilities; new clinic space; a model home to help train disabled children; and a 24-hour pharmacy.

By 1978, the construction is finished with a complete retrofit of the original building. The whole project tops out at $33.4 million, but the region has a new medical center with 193 beds and specialty and outpatient clinics that can accommodate more than 100,000 patient visits per year.

Operation Saigon

Many American families adopt Vietnamese orphans.

On April 3, 1975, a chartered flight sponsored by Holt Children’s Services in Eugene, Oregon, lands at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. On board are more than 400 Vietnamese children orphaned during the Vietnam War.

After finishing their 9,000-mile journey, the children – mostly infants and toddlers – receive medical exams. Within hours of arriving in Seattle, 16 babies are sent to Children’s Orthopedic with ailments including pneumonia, malnutrition, congenital heart conditions and meningitis.

One pneumonia patient dies, but the others survive and make their way to adoptive parents all over the United States.

A Formal Relationship

Leaders of Children’s Orthopedic and the University of Washington School of Medicine

Since 1953, when Children’s Orthopedic moves to within two miles of the University of Washington School of Medicine, itself founded in 1946, leaders from both sides try to figure out a reasonable affiliation between the two institutions.

Children’s Orthopedic benefits from the University of Washington’s academic medical faculty and student interns from nursing, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and social work.

The University of Washington benefits from having a well-established pediatric facility so close for teaching and patient referrals.

In 1971, after years of tense discussions leading nowhere, representatives from both organizations resume talks in Clearwater, Florida, where the American Association of Medical Schools hosts a program to help medical schools solve problems.

There, far from daily distractions and internal politics, the two groups spend five days listening to each other, working on the 29 items on their joint list and gradually building trust.

Over those five days, the group builds a cohesive team, then returns to Seattle to share their work with their respective institutions.

For the trustees, some of the elements of the agreement are easy to accept: University and Harborview Hospitals will move their pediatric inpatient and most outpatient services to the Orthopedic, making it the pediatric center of the Pacific Northwest; basic research will remain at the University of Washington.

There are also financial advantages for the Orthopedic. Affiliation with the university opens the door to new research funding and other government subsidies. And, the University of Washington promises to pay Children’s Orthopedic for its educational services to medical students and interns.

The trustees also reject some points: that a representative from the university will sit on the Orthopedic’s board, and that the University’s chief of pediatrics will automatically serve as Children’s chief of staff.

On this last point, the trustees counter that the same individual can hold the post of chief of pediatrics at both institutions, which the university ultimately accepts.

At a March 1973 board meeting, chairman Kate Webster puts it to the trustees plainly: the affiliation agreement will improve the quality of patient care.

The debate continues for more than a year, but in the end the trustees formally adopt the affiliation agreement by unanimous vote on September 11, 1974.

Despite many bumps in the road sorting out titles and lines of authority, Children’s Chief of Staff Dr. Jack Docter reports an improvement in patient care in just two years after the agreement is adopted. He attributes this fact to Children’s physicians having university medical experts to call upon in many different fields, especially for difficult cases.

The Reorganization

Young patient on Children’s Infant Intensive Care Unit

In 1978, the University of Washington School of Medicine dean convinces Dr. Ron Lemire to give up his office and lab at the university and take a job at Children’s Orthopedic, where he becomes director of Inpatient Services, reporting to both the dean and Children’s Medical Director Dr. Jack Docter.

One of Lemire’s first acts is to insist that community physicians assigned to the Orthopedic’s Intensive Care Unit (ICU) be physically present to care for patients… or stop working there. Lemire argues that if a critically ill child’s condition worsens, they cannot wait until the volunteer physician is able to drop by the hospital.

The volunteer physicians try the new rules for a month and find that they cannot keep up with their work and with their private practices. The end result is that in-house physicians take over the ICU – a change that signals a big step away from “volunteer” charity care.

At the same time, Board Chair Kate Webster begins promoting the idea that the board should hire a single individual – a chief executive officer or CEO – to run the hospital.

In the late 1970s one cannot turn a corner without finding a trustee conferring with a doctor or nurse, comforting a patient, delivering a food tray, painting a wall or pruning a shrub. In between chores, the trustees set policy and make all of the financial decisions for an organization with a $30 million annual budget and nearly 1,000 employees.

Facing the retirement of four key administrators, the board agrees to appoint a single “executive director” to run the entire operation with authority to hire their own management team: medical director, chief financial officer and chief administrator. Further, all hospital departments will report to the executive director.

The First CEO

CEO Treuman Katz speaks to a reporter.

When a search firm contacts Treuman Katz about a CEO opportunity at Children’s Orthopedic in Seattle, he politely declines. After all, Katz, executive administrator of Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles, runs a 1,000-bed hospital where indulging celebrities is a perk of the job.

However, the recruiter is persistent, and the 36-year-old Katz finally agrees to fly to the Northwest in late May 1979 and meet key hospital leaders.

Every step of the way, Katz finds something to like and even to excite him.

Katz decides that transforming a metropolitan pediatric hospital into a regional medical center that could serve thousands of children each year is an opportunity that he cannot pass up.

He steps into the new position of chief executive officer on September 10, 1979.

Innovating for Children

Parents know their children best and are an important part of the healthcare team.

Dr. Robert Hickman puts Children’s Orthopedic on the map in 1979 by devising new ways to use the catheter that now bears his name. Used for nutrition, blood draws and delivery of chemotherapy, the Hickman catheter eliminates the need for repeated needle sticks in children.

Hickman patents his catheter and donates a substantial share of his royalties to the hospital.

The Penny Drive Passes On

Flyer advertising the Penny Drive, circa 1940

Hired in 1980, Doug Picha leaves his position as executive director of the Variety Club and comes to Children’s as director of community relations. He adds a direct-mail campaign to complement the Penny Drive and receives a standing ovation from the board of trustees when he reports that this new combined approach nets the hospital $200,000.

By 1984, guild members are finding door-to-door fundraising less successful, as many householders are no longer home in the evenings and on Saturdays. Picha recommends that the Penny Drive be retired in favor of more cost-effective fundraising strategies such as direct mail and cultivation of bequests. The board reluctantly agrees and the Penny Drive joins the Pound Party as a cherished piece of Children’s heritage.

This once-profitable fundraiser is memorialized as the name of one of the hospital’s major thoroughfares, Penny Drive.

Children’s Hospital Foundation

In 1982, Community Relations Director Doug Picha becomes director of the Children’s Hospital Foundation when this separate fundraising entity is established with a new 15-member board of trustees.

Patients enjoy time in the Children’s Playroom.

In forming the foundation, the hospital trustees retain control of the hospital endowment – donations of money and property that are invested to create future income, rather than cover current costs or capital projects.

Foundation trustees set a minimum of $25,000 for an endowment, and later raise this amount to $50,000. By 2005, more than 350 separate endowments generate income for uncompensated care, research, education – and even toys.

An Aerial Solution

Harborview Medical Center develops a region-wide emergency care plan so that critically ill patients are transported by the Seattle Fire Department’s Medic One emergency vehicles to hospitals best equipped and organized to treat their conditions. Children’s Orthopedic is assigned responsibility for the emergency care of all younger patients.

Unfortunately, even Medic One gets stuck in traffic, and for critically ill patients, minutes are often a matter of life and death.

Airlift Northwest

A regional planning team – including Children’s inpatient director and licensed pilot Dr. Ron Lemire and leaders from Harborview, the University of Washington Medical Center and Providence Medical Center – begins to investigate aerial transport options for critically ill patients.

On May 17, 1982, hospital leaders formally launch Airlift Northwest at Boeing Field with a twin-engine turboprop airplane that can reach most of Washington, Alaska, Montana and Idaho (WAMI) without refueling.

Children’s trains four nurses to care for pediatric patients in flight with the help of a communications system that keeps them in contact with a physician throughout the trip. Any physician within the four-state WAMI region can request that a child be evacuated to Children’s Orthopedic. If the mission is deemed appropriate, the team, including an on-call nurse, can be airborne within one hour of dispatch.

With the success of this new aerial transport system, the four hospitals investigate the use of helicopters for emergency transport and apply to the city of Seattle for permits to establish helipads at their own facilities.

Some of Children’s Orthopedic’s Laurelhurst neighbors object to the noise and safety of landing a helicopter so close to their homes and turn to legal and political means to block city approval of the helipad. The controversy descends into a whirlpool of litigation, hearings, press coverage and acrimony.

On September 28, 1992, after eight years of conditional use permits and environmental impact studies, the Seattle City Council grants final approval of a helipad just steps away from Children’s Emergency Department. In 1997, the Laurelhurst Community Club expresses its support for the helipad.

Airlift Northwest becomes a nonprofit entity in 2002, with Children’s owning a one-sixth interest in this vital emergency transport service.

From Town to Gown

In July 1981, Children’s Orthopedic CEO Treuman Katz hires Dr. John Neff from Johns Hopkins as medical director after Dr. Jack Docter retires.

Neff is instrumental in transforming the hospital’s medical staff from community-based physicians who volunteer their time at Children’s Orthopedic to full-time hospital-based physicians associated with the University of Washington School of Medicine.

Dr. Peter Mansfield

Soon after Neff arrives at Children’s, the agency that credentials hospitals takes issue with the fact that Children’s surgical chief, Dr. Peter Mansfield, is a community physician with his own practice who serves at the hospital only part time.

Prior to the early 1980s, community surgeons operate on patients at Children’s Orthopedic because of the outstanding pediatric anesthesiologists and the remarkable nursing staff. Many of these surgeons also receive pediatric surgical training at the hospital. For example, Mansfield, who starts modern cardiac surgery at Children’s Orthopedic, trains many surgical residents who go on to open private practices in the region.

When CEO Treuman Katz offers Mansfield a full-time position as chief of surgery, Mansfield declines to give up his practice; however, community physicians such as Mansfield continue to attend at the hospital, serve on hospital committees and participate in search committees for hospital leadership.

Children’s Orthopedic also makes a commitment to the community not to get into the business of pediatric primary care, except in areas where community pediatricians do not practice, such as at the Odessa Brown Clinic in Seattle’s Central District.

In 1983, Neff and Dr. Jack Shilling, chair of the University of Washington Department of Surgery, hire Dr. David Tapper away from Harvard Medical School. Tapper comes on board as chief of surgery at Children’s Orthopedic and head of the Division of Pediatric Surgery at University of Washington School of Medicine.

Over his 19-year tenure at Children’s, Tapper bridges the gap between the University of Washington Department of Surgery and Children’s Orthopedic. He transforms a regionally respected surgical department into a fully accredited, nationally sought-after surgical training program that includes every surgical specialty. He also serves as president of the American Pediatric Surgical Association.

Fit for a Queen

CEO Treuman Katz and medical director Dr. John Neff greet Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.

Children’s Orthopedic receives a singular honor when Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Prince Philip visit Children’s as part of their royal tour of the West Coast.

In addition to greeting patients, trustees, physicians and staff, the queen meets honorary trustee Helen Tremper Lane, age 98. The hospital guest book records the event with the signature “Elizabeth R, March 7, 1983.”

Over the years, hundreds of sports personalities, TV stars and other celebrities visit patients.

From Variety Club to Miracle Network

Variety Club Telethon

In 1968, leaders of the Variety Club, a nonprofit organization dedicated to helping sick, disabled and disadvantaged children, approach KIRO-TV with the idea for a telethon to benefit children’s charities, including Children’s Orthopedic.

In its first year, the telethon raises $90,000 for a few days’ work – about half what the Penny Drive brings in over a period of months.

By 1984, 22 children’s charities share in the Variety Club Telethon – a Seattle and Northwest tradition. The telethon brings friends of Children’s Orthopedic together, including physicians, patients, guild members and community groups. A group of working mothers from a Seattle topless club even appears on TV to drop off donations they collect from club patrons!

Although the Variety Club Telethon is a local tradition, the board makes the difficult decision to stop Children’s participation in favor of participating in the Osmond Foundation’s Children’s Miracle Network.

The new agreement with Children’s Miracle Network is a much better arrangement for the hospital. Children’s pays a fee to support the national Children’s Miracle Network broadcast, but in turn, the hospital keeps all the proceeds raised in the region.

In June 1985, the first Children’s Miracle Network Telethon airs on KOMO-TV, and Children’s Orthopedic is the sole Northwest beneficiary.

By 2004, Children’s Miracle Network raises $2.4 billion toward uncompensated care at 170 hospitals nationwide, and Children’s share is $7.2 million.

A Home Away From Home

Ronald McDonald House advertisement

Four years after the first Ronald McDonald House opens in Philadelphia in 1974, Children’s Orthopedic and Candlelighters – an association of parents who have lost children with cancer – kick off planning for a similar residence near the Orthopedic.

After several years of bureaucratic maneuvering to acquire a vacant tract of land owned by the U.S. Coast Guard and located across Sand Point Way NE from the hospital, the group builds a place for families to stay while their children undergo cancer treatment. On December 13, 1983, Ronald McDonald House finally accepts its first families. The 22-bedroom facility features private bathrooms, shared kitchen, dining, living, laundry and indoor/outdoor play facilities.

In 1986, Children’s Orthopedic opens Kids Bowling for Kids Village, a 10-unit parent housing facility on the same street, 40th Avenue NE. Construction costs are funded by the Washington State Bowling Proprietors Association, Variety Club of the Pacific Northwest and many community organizations. The facility’s name honors the hundreds of kids who bowl and collect pledges based on the number of pins they knock down. Kids Village expands to 23 total units in 1991. A little over a decade later, Ronald McDonald Charities of Western Washington and Alaska acquires this property.

Formalizing the Research Mission

In the mid-1980s, the University of Washington School of Medicine agrees that all research grants held by faculty at Children’s should be administered at Children’s. Medical director Dr. John Neff recruits Jane Bogle to consolidate all research and grant activities into one administrative unit at Children’s.

Researchers at Children’s Orthopedic Hospital and Medical Center

During her tenure, Bogle establishes research policies regarding patient safety (institutional review boards) and animal safety, and manages the planning and allocation of research space.

Paraplegic from birth, Bogle also does much to help Children’s become more sensitive to the needs of visitors and employees with physical challenges. During construction and remodeling projects, she personally surveys restrooms, carpeting and other building features to test their accessibility.

A Community Resource

The Parent Resource Room at Children’s Orthopedic, circa 1985

In 1985, Children’s Orthopedic opens the Children’s Resource Center to create and distribute information and training on childcare, first aid, nutrition, bicycle safety and sports medicine. The Resource Center expands to a telephone information service where parents speak with registered nurses who answer questions about illness and injury and help catch diseases and conditions early on.

A new Parent Resource Room in the hospital provides an education center for parents and families.

The Second Name Change

Hospital exterior

In 1985, CEO Treuman Katz recommends dropping “Orthopedic” from the hospital's name. After devoting a year of study to the question, the board finds that the term confuses many people and no longer communicates the hospital’s purpose – less than 15% of the hospital’s cases are bone-related.

On April 23, 1986, the board approves the new name: Children’s Hospital and Medical Center.

Strength in Numbers

Hospital rounds at Children’s

In 1986, CEO Treuman Katz approaches his counterpart from Children’s Hospital in Denver about forming an alliance among pediatric hospitals to purchase supplies and save money.

Soon, six hospitals from across the country form the Child Health Corporation of America (CHCA) with headquarters in Shawnee Mission, Kansas.

Up in Smoke

“No Smoking” sign

In April 1986, smoking is banned in the cafeteria. The last permitted place left to light up inside the hospital is the staff lounge. By June 1989, the hospital becomes smoke-free.

A New Wing

Children’s new Medical Pavilion opens in 1990.

In 1986, Children’s needs more research space, an improved emergency room and more area to accommodate specialty outpatient clinics and operating rooms. Administrators apply for a permit to build a 65,000-square-foot, four-story medical pavilion on the northeast corner of the hospital.

As a precondition of the building permit, the city of Seattle requires Children’s to draw up a traffic management plan to divert 35% of its employees out of single-occupancy vehicles and into carpools and buses. The city tells Children’s that if the plan fails to achieve its goal, the hospital will receive no more building permits – a limitation that is not imposed on any other institution in the city.

The transportation plan with carpooling becomes a part of hospital culture and Children’s employees meet every goal to reduce the number of cars parking at the hospital. The city issues the building permit.

In 1990, the $11 million Medical Pavilion, complete with whimsical hallway murals, beautiful floor mosaics, brightly colored paintings and welcoming animal statues, comes in on schedule and under budget.

Priceless Friendships

Children dressed as doctors

In 1987, the board of trustees establishes the Children’s Hospital Guild Association as a separate entity with its own board of directors.

Guild trustees Sharon Friel and Susie Albrecht want to hold the first guild association convention at the Westin in Seattle; however, the cost is a prohibitive $25,000.

They arrange to meet with Costco co-founders Jeff Brotman and Jim Sinegal to ask if the three-year-old warehouse chain might consider underwriting the guild event.

Figuring their request is a long shot, they are floored when Costco agrees to pick up the tab! This first request leads to the formation of the Friends of Costco Guild, an annual charity golf tournament and a new patient care wing named for Sinegal’s wife, Janet.

Since 1987, Costco leaders and the Friends of Costco Guild have raised more than $100 million for the hospital.

In 1988, the Washington wine industry and Chateau Ste. Michelle Winery decide to follow in the footsteps of the great vintners in Burgundy, France, who continue a tradition of auctioning barrels of wine to benefit the region’s main children's hospital.

The first auction raises under $20,000. After marketing the event as a showcase for Washington state wines, restaurant owners, wine collectors and wine retailers get involved. By 2006, the Auction of Washington Wines is one of the largest charity wine auctions in the United States and, with proceeds of $1.9 million, one of the hospital’s most important fundraising events. It has raised over $40 million for the hospital since its founding.

On April 25, 2017, the guild association celebrates its 30th anniversary.

Birth of a Practice Plan

Children’s surgical nurse and physicians

Physicians present the greatest challenge to CEO Treuman Katz. In the mid-1980s, close to 800 physicians are approved to practice at Children’s: community physicians who have private practices, house-based physicians who are salaried by Children’s and University of Washington School of Medicine faculty members.

Each group has distinct professional and economic interests that come together in the Medical Executive Committee – a group that represents all the physicians practicing at Children’s. This committee advises the Board of Trustees, but does not report to it, the medical director or the CEO.

In 1980 more than half of the medical specialists at Children’s are full-time, either as part of the full-time house-based medical staff or as university faculty; however, 70% of the surgeons practicing at Children’s are from the community.

Unlike the University of Washington Medical Center, Children’s remains an open-staff hospital with community physicians having full privileges based on their qualifications. Leadership of the clinical departments remains with the department chiefs at Children’s.

Medical Director Dr. John Neff and the dean of the University of Washington School of Medicine, Dr. David Dale, work together to develop the basic principles of a practice plan – a corporate structure – under which all physicians practicing at Children’s Orthopedic will be integrated under the joint leadership of Children’s CEO and the UW School of Medicine dean.

Physicians are to be paid by the hospital with the hospital and university splitting the revenue evenly – an unprecedented agreement.

In March 1990, Children’s University Medical Group (CUMG) becomes the final practice plan structure that makes all physicians truly part of Children’s Orthopedic, not just transients passing through it.

First and Only Service

First liver transplant at Children’s

On May 8, 1990, Drs. James Perkins and Robert Sawin perform the first pediatric liver transplant in the Northwest on a three-year-old Olympia, Washington, boy. Since that first surgery, Children’s continues to be the only pediatric liver transplantation provider in a six-state area.

Taking the Address Out of Children’s

Since the 1960s, Seattle’s share of the county population steadily declines as population growth in the surrounding suburbs increases.

To meet the demand for pediatric specialty services, Children’s expands its reach farther and farther outside of Seattle, so that families can access care without leaving their communities.

Nurses work with patients at Children’s regional outpatient clinics.

By the 1990s, Children’s is no longer defined by a single building at one location. It now encompasses satellite clinics and services and partnerships with many other institutions, including a neonatal intensive care unit at Providence Hospital in Everett; inpatient beds at Bellevue’s Overlake Hospital; outpatient clinics in Everett and Bellevue; and once-a-month clinics in smaller towns such as Mount Vernon, Port Angeles and Aberdeen.

Re-Engineering to Save Costs

Motto from a slide presentation about Children’s re-engineering effort

By 1993, managed care and rate caps on procedures create financial deficits that force Children’s to streamline treatments and cut costs, particularly for inpatient care.

In 1995, consultants analyze the hospital and recommend that it downsize from 200 beds to 65… or risk closure!

Hospital leaders embark on a program of “re-engineering” to cut expenses, a plan that includes departmental reorganizations.

Chief Operating Officer Andy Man organizes committees in all departments to identify cost savings and find more efficient ways to complete everyday tasks.

In one example, a committee of physicians, nurses and administrators finds that the hospital orders more than 800 different types of sutures to accommodate the individual preferences of surgeons. The committee comes up with 100 models that serve just as well – and saves the hospital precious resources.

The process of re-engineering lasts several years and produces some $18 million in savings, without compromising Children’s inpatient beds.

A Deadly Bacterium

Skilled lab technician at Children’s

Between January 3 and 19, 1993, adults and children start showing up at emergency rooms in Western Washington complaining of severe stomach cramps and bloody diarrhea.

Ultimately, 50 children are sent to Children’s, where physicians and lab technicians work tirelessly on the Dialysis Unit to treat some of the patients for kidney failure.

In the lab, pathologist Dr. Kathy Patterson quickly and accurately identifies the bacterium E. coli 0157:H7 as the culprit, a critical step in treating patients who are in danger of death.

Within five days of being notified, state and county health investigators trace the cause of the outbreak to local Jack in the Box fast-food restaurants where tainted meat from California had been cooked at temperatures too low to kill E. coli.

State officials document a total of 477 E. coli cases and new sanitation rules quickly follow, but not fast enough to save the lives of three children under the age of six, or to spare some survivors permanent kidney damage.

However, it could have been much worse without Children’s Hospital’s fast medical detective work, collaboration with the Seattle–King County public health department and the treatment of scores of victims at the hospital’s Dialysis Unit.

First Heart Transplant

Children’s heart surgeons

On October 26, 1994, a 12-year-old boy from Everett, Washington, undergoes the first heart transplant at Children’s, and heads home three weeks later.

A “Regional” Change

Cherry blossoms on Children’s campus, circa 1997

Two years after the re-engineering consultants predict that Children’s will close if it does not shrink, the hospital cannot keep up with demand for its inpatient beds, outpatient clinics and regional services.

In June 1997, the hospital sends a new message to the community. The old sign at its entrance is replaced to read “Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center.”

TOBI to the Rescue

Dr. Bonnie Ramsey with patient

In 1978, Dr. Arnold Smith comes to Children’s to head the Infectious Disease program. He begins to investigate the use of antibiotics to fight the infections that threaten cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. He identifies the antibiotic tobramycin (TOBI) as the most effective drug; however, the needed dose can cause serious damage to children if injected intravenously.

Smith concludes that administering the antibiotic in aerosol form can deliver the medicine directly to the lungs without any collateral damage and significantly increase the life expectancy of CF patients.

He and Dr. Bonnie Ramsey launch a clinical trial with patients from Ramsey’s CF Clinic. Excellent results led them to launch phase 2 at clinics around the nation. The results are remarkable, and in 1993 Smith and Ramsey publish their findings in the New England Journal of Medicine.

In 1997 – fully 10 years after Smith first thought of aerosolizing the antibiotic – the Food and Drug Administration approves TOBI. In 2003, Children’s sells the patent for TOBI for $11.8 million to Drug Royalty Corporation Inc.

An Alliance of Giants

The Seattle Cancer Care Alliance building

By the early 1990s, Children’s has a small bone marrow transplant program. CEO Treuman Katz and Medical Director Dr. John Neff envision an alliance among Children’s, the University of Washington Medical Center and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (Fred Hutch) to leverage research-based cancer therapies and better coordinate ongoing research efforts.

After years of discussions, the Seattle Cancer Care Alliance opens on October 22, 1997, with the following split in responsibilities: Fred Hutch manages research and operates a seven-story, $150 million outpatient clinic (finished in 2001); the University of Washington Medical Center cares for adult patients; and Children’s treats pediatric patients.

• The Skipping Surgeon

  A clown from Children’s Clown Care Unit entertains a patient.

  On an ordinary day in 1998, Drs. Bonky and LeFou from the Big Apple Circus Clown Care Unit bring their special brand of laughter to the Day Surgery Clinic waiting room.

  After trying repeatedly to get Bonky to skip across the room while she plays “Skip to M’Lou” on the concertina, LeFou begs a surgeon watching from the doorway of the clinic area for help.

  Without blinking an eye, the 6′3″, 220-pound surgeon checks his little black book, announces that he has no appointments right then and proceeds to skip happily around the waiting room to the strains of concertina music. As he finishes, the waiting room erupts in applause.

  Before leaving the area, the clowns present red noses to all the children. Suddenly, LeFou feels a tap on her arm. There, beckoning the clown to come closer, is a very proper Japanese grandmother who hasn’t cracked a smile the entire time.

  “May I have a red nose, too?” the grandmother asks.

  The Greatest Gift

  Children’s patient Coe Richards

  In July 1999, Dr. Patrick Healey performs the region’s first living-donor liver transplant on a 2½-year-old boy. Patient Coe Richards from Kingston, Washington, receives a portion of his mother’s liver in the coordinated surgery performed by transplant teams from the University of Washington Medical Center and Children’s.

  Going Lean

  Children’s nurses retrieve supplies from an automated Omnicell medical supply unit.

  Beginning in the early 2000s, the hospital undergoes a major cultural shift by using Toyota Production System principles – often referred to as “lean processing” – to increase patient safety, improve family satisfaction, streamline work flow and reduce costs. Children’s physicians and staff members call this effort Continuous Performance Improvement (CPI).

  In March 2005, the board of trustees unanimously approves a plan for a new governance structure that reflects Children’s increased emphasis on patient safety, corporate compliance and quality. A new board Quality Committee integrates all of the quality improvement initiatives throughout the hospital.

  By summer 2006, physicians and faculty participate in more than 80 quality improvement events. The workshops last from three to five days and are designed to rapidly identify, test and implement improvements in all areas of a defined process in order to remove system waste and create more value for patients.

  Becoming Whole

  Children’s patients Charity and Kathleen Lincoln

  When Vaneice Lincoln is 8 weeks pregnant, she learns that the twin daughters she is carrying are conjoined from the sternum to the pelvis and share a common leg and many vital organs.

  Seven months after the girls are born at the University of Washington Medical Center, Charity and Kathleen are strong enough to undergo a surgical separation procedure at Children’s.

  The surgical team, headed by Dr. John Waldhausen, includes 30 physicians, nurses and technicians. On a September day in 2000, the team works for 31 hours to complete the delicate surgery that separates the girls’ commingled organs, bones, blood vessels, nerves and tissues. Their shared leg is amputated.

  In February 2002, the happy, active toddlers celebrate their second birthday. Though they each have one leg and face some physical challenges, the girls are crawling and learning to walk with walkers.

  Charity and Kathleen’s father, Greg Lincoln, comments, “It's tough to be in the public eye, but we’re happy to tell our story. We’re so thankful for everything Children’s has done for us.”

  An Important Finding

  A Children’s patient gets a sip of water.

  In 2001, Dr. Phil Tarr, a pediatric gastroenterologist, and his research team at Children’s, radically change how kids around the world are treated for E. coli bacterial infection. Tarr shows that antibiotics are ineffective and even harmful to patients. More importantly, he shows that hydration of infected patients leads to better outcomes and saves lives.

  Tarr’s findings are so significant that the New England Journal of Medicine publishes them as a standalone article rather than waiting for the next regularly scheduled issue.

  A Long-Overdue Campaign

  A Children’s researcher

  In 2001, Children’s embarks on its first major campaign in more than 25 years to raise funds for facilities, uncompensated care and research – elements that support the board's vision of being the best pediatric hospital.

  Melinda French Gates chairs “The Campaign for Children’s – Fulfilling the Promise.”

  The Children’s Hospital Foundation and board of trustees launch the first phase of the $300 million comprehensive fundraising campaign with private donors.

  The second (public) phase of the The Campaign for Children’s launches in January 2006.

  Consolidating the Troops

  The child care center at Children’s 70th and Sand Point building

  In January 2002, Children’s consolidates many of its administrative functions into a newly constructed building two miles north of the hospital.

  Prior to this consolidation, many departments, such as the Children’s Hospital Foundation, Human Resources, Information Services, Business Services, Finance and Marketing and Communications are scattered among leased facilities in neighborhoods near the hospital.

  A new child care center, a highlight of the new facility, is open to the children of all staff members.

A New Vision Statement

Mom and child at Children’s

In 2003, the board of trustees update the hospital mission and adopt a new vision statement with the goal of making Children’s one of the five best pediatric medical centers in the United States. The statement affirms research as a key element in this drive for excellence.

A New Era for Research

A Children’s sleep study patient

In November 2003, the board welcomes Dr. James B. Hendricks, Children’s Hospital’s first vice president for research and head of the new Research Administration division.

In collaboration with the pediatrician-in-chief and surgeon-in-chief, Hendricks manages research endowments and the staff who conduct pediatric research at Children’s, the University of Washington Child Health Institute, Harborview Medical Center and Fred Hutch.

A Diversified Board

A Children’s patient gets checked out.

In June 2003, the Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center Board approves 12-year term limits for trustees – a hotly debated issue since trustee Mary Gates proposed term limits in 1981.

In November 2004, a 97-year-old tradition falls with the appointment of the first male trustees. At the same time, the board approves a bylaw change to allow the CEO and medical director to have ex-officio (non-voting) seats on the board.

On December 8, 2004, Dr. Rob Roskin becomes the board’s first male voting member.

A New Level of Support

Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center

In January 2004, the five-story, 100,000-square-foot Janet Sinegal Patient Care Building opens with state-of-the-art facilities that add 42 inpatient beds and raise the hospital’s total capacity to 250 beds.

African safari murals; a meditation room and chapel; and a coffee shop and gift shop grace the main hallway in the new facility. Patient rooms, now mostly single-bed, feature pull-out couches so at least one parent can stay overnight.

Janet Sinegal is the first person to serve simultaneously on all three of Children’s boards: the guild association, the foundation and the hospital. Together with her husband Jim, president and CEO of Costco Wholesale, they spearhead fundraising efforts involving Costco employees and vendors, resulting in significant contributions to Children’s. The Sinegals also give generously to Children’s on a personal basis.

Half of the $60 million cost of the new inpatient facility is paid for by donors, including $6 million raised by Children’s guilds.

An Ethical Voice

Bioethics advertisement

In 2004, Children’s opens the first bioethics center in the nation solely dedicated to the study of research and health care for children. The Center for Pediatric Bioethics is a podium for the complex bioethics challenges facing healthcare professionals, scientists, patients, families and the community at large.

In 2005, the center is dedicated to retiring CEO Treuman Katz.

A Room of Their Own

Research equipment

In 2004, Children’s leases two buildings in downtown Seattle, adding 50,000 square feet of bench laboratory space and 40,000 square feet of clinical and health services research space to its research enterprise. The lease arrangements nearly triple the amount of space Children’s dedicates to bench laboratory research.

Research Firsts

Children’s physician–researcher Dr. Andrew Scharenberg

In July 2003, Dr. Andrew Scharenberg and Children’s colleagues identify a magnesium transport protein that is essential to cell replication. The research results show that tumor cells containing the protein divide rapidly, while cells lacking the protein become magnesium-deficient and unable to divide.

The findings lay the groundwork for new approaches to treat cancers and immunologic diseases.

In April 2004, Children’s physician–researcher Dr. Dimitri Christakis provides the first evidence that early television exposure may be related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). His nationally acclaimed study finds that each hour of television watched per day at ages 1 to 3 increases the risk of attention problems such as ADHD by almost 10% by age 7.

In 2005, Christakis and colleagues find no scientific evidence that “educational” media products have any proven educational value for babies and toddlers.

In 2004, Children’s physician–researcher Dr. David Rawlings successfully shows that gene therapy can correct a form of primary immune deficiency disease (PIDD) known as X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) in mice for the lifetime of the animal. Gene therapy is a relatively new treatment, in which the correct version of a gene is inserted into cells to fix a genetic defect.

A year later, Rawlings and his team identify the trigger that activates a pathway in T and B immune cells that leads to the survival and growth of these cells – a discovery that could lead to more effective treatment of cancers and autoimmune diseases.

In 2004, Children’s physician–researcher Dr. Frederick Rivara determines that targeting teenagers with concentrated anti-smoking education campaigns and increasing the current cost of a pack of cigarettes by $1 could reduce the number of teenage smokers by 26%, and help more than 108,000 people in the United States survive to age 85.

Regional Outreach

Residents are licensed doctors who are receiving specialized pediatric training.

In 2005, Children’s residents and specialists spend 350 days in clinics and hospitals throughout Alaska, Montana, Idaho and rural Washington caring for children in their own communities.

A Quarter Century of Leadership

Children’s first CEO, Treuman Katz

On September 30, 2005, Children’s CEO Treuman Katz retires after 26 years of service. His tenure encompasses more than a quarter of the hospital’s history, and his leadership guides not only the tremendous growth of the institution, but the scope of healthcare services it delivers to the region’s children.

Katz receives the 2005 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Washington Health Foundation, a nonprofit organization with the mission of improving health for the people of Washington state.

Carrying Out the Bold New Vision

Children’s second CEO, Dr. Thomas Hansen

After a nationwide search to replace CEO Treuman Katz, the board of trustees selects Dr. Thomas N. Hansen, former CEO of Columbus Children’s Hospital, to lead Seattle Children’s into its second century.

When he begins his new post in October 2005, Hansen presses forward to achieve the vision conceived years earlier by the board of trustees and former CEO Treuman Katz – to eliminate pediatric diseases such as diabetes and congenital heart conditions so that children do not have to carry the burden of disease into adulthood.

“Children's is clear about its vision and well-positioned to achieve it. I want to be part of its transformation,” Hansen says.

Within the span of one year, Hansen integrates the growth of clinical, research and education programs with a new strategic plan and acquires nearly half of the 1 million square feet of research space needed to advance pediatric research to a national level.

A Prestigious Post

Children’s clinicians conduct research to understand behaviors that keep kids healthy.

In 2005, Children’s physician–researcher Dr. Fred Rivara is elected to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies for his study of injury control methods. He is one of 64 new members elected to the IOM in 2005 and the only one from Washington state.

In 2006, Dr. Maxine Hayes, a former medical director of the Odessa Brown Children’s Clinic and current Children's medical staff member, is elected to the IOM for her work on health issues affecting the community.

The IOM recognizes those who have made major contributions to the advancement of the medical sciences, health care and public health.

Tiny Hearts, Giant Strides

Infant on Children’s Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

In 2005, Children’s becomes the first medical center west of the Mississippi to perform a heart transplantation in which the recipient’s blood type is different from the donor’s. The procedure dramatically decreases wait times for donor hearts and saves the lives of many children who might otherwise die waiting for an organ of their same blood type.

Known as ABO-mismatched heart transplants, Drs. Gordon Cohen and Lester Permut perform these surgeries on infants whose immune systems have not yet developed the antibodies needed to attack foreign tissue.

Also in 2005, Cohen and Permut make history when they perform a successful heart transplant on the youngest (12 days) and smallest (7.4 pounds) patient in the Pacific Northwest. The boy is the first infant to be bridged from a heart–lung bypass machine to transplant.

The Gates Legacy

Children’s Melinda French Gates Ambulatory Care Building

In May 2006, Children’s opens a 168,000-square-foot Ambulatory Care Building named for Melinda French Gates in honor of her leadership, contributions and advocacy over the last decade.

The new facility consolidates nearly all of the hospital’s clinical outpatient services in one building designed to ease clinical workflow and make outpatient visits easier for patients and families.

Facility highlights include more than 100 new exam rooms with seating for families and room for strollers, age-appropriate waiting areas, a supervised playroom for siblings and restaurant-style pagers for families.

Laying the Foundation

Children’s cancer patient with her twin sister

In July 2006, the board of trustees “unanimously and enthusiastically” approves a new strategic plan for the hospital’s next decade.

In the last 35 years, the population of the Puget Sound area has nearly doubled.

The strategic plan provides a roadmap to meet the region's growing needs for pediatric specialty care in the Washington, Alaska, Montana and Idaho region.

The plan’s six strategic themes are as follows:

• Set national standards for quality of care.
• Improve access and service to families and physicians.
• Prevent, treat and eliminate pediatric disease.
• Recruit and retain the best people.
• Develop the next generation of pediatric health care leaders.
• Secure Children’s financial future.

Investment in Research

Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute in downtown Seattle

In October 2006, the board of trustees announces the creation of Seattle Children’s Hospital Research Institute, which will be housed in two newly acquired, adjacent downtown Seattle buildings near University of Washington and Fred Hutch research facilities.

The two buildings total 467,183 square feet and give Children’s state-of-the-art laboratory facilities for physician–researchers to investigate such pressing pediatric health concerns as preventing premature birth, curing genetic disease and repairing birth defects.

The children in our region and community inspire us to be the best children’s hospital.

If founder Anna Clise walked into Seattle Children’s today, she’d undoubtedly be pleased, but not surprised, at the hospital’s growth. Her vision – that all children should grow up without injury or illness – inspires us to be the best children’s hospital.

In 2007, Seattle Children’s celebrates 100 years of providing innovative and accessible pediatric care to the children in our region and around the globe. We announce plans to expand on the east side of Lake Washington, enabling us to bring our specialty clinics, urgent care, lab, radiology and outpatient surgery closer to the families who need our services. Our expanding research campus in downtown Seattle draws the finest physician scientists to Seattle to help us in our quest to eliminate pediatric disease.

Visitors read about the river rock donor wall display at Seattle Children’s.

The Campaign for Children’s concludes, raising $352 million – $52 million more than expected. It is the largest capital campaign in our organization’s history. The campaign supported facilities to continue fostering healing, hope and cures; uncompensated care to ensure no child is turned away because of lack of resources; and research to unlock the doors to better treatments and cures.

We change our name from Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center to Seattle Children’s. With new additions this year we reach nearly 60 subspecialty areas – from adolescent medicine to virology – at hospital and clinic locations across the region, including Seattle, Bellevue, Everett, Federal Way, Olympia and the Tri-Cities. Ground and air transport networks help bring critically ill patients to Seattle Children’s from community hospitals throughout the region.

Seattle Children’s is the primary pediatric training site for the University of Washington School of Medicine. More than 680 residents and fellows provide care and conduct over 150 active research projects at the hospital. These projects are supported by nearly $20 million in National Institutes of Health grants. Seattle Children’s continues to grow, and in 2008 we have more than 4,000 active employees throughout the hospital, research institute and foundation.

Two neurosurgeons and a neonatologist from Seattle Children’s volunteer their time and partner with Woodland Park Zoo’s Animal Health staff to remove a cyst growing near the spine of a 9-pound, 2½-month-old female western lowland gorilla. “This gorilla operation was an amazing Star Trek–type of experience for the team from Seattle Children’s and the University of Washington,” says Dr. Richard Ellenbogen, a neurosurgeon at Seattle Children’s. “Drs. Craig Jackson, Sam Browd and I were proud to help with an endangered species such as the baby gorilla suffering from a congenital spinal abnormality. The operation was a great success from our perspective, and we are hoping for a full recovery.”

• Seattle Children’s Autism Center

  Seattle Children’s Autism Center opens its doors and quickly becomes a vital resource to the community as well as a national model for providing comprehensive, family-centered care. During its first year of operation, the Autism Center serves 2,000 families during 8,000 visits – about four times as many families as were served prior to the center’s opening.

  With generous support from the community, Seattle Children’s launches the Science Adventure Lab in 2009, the first mobile science lab program directly linked to a children’s hospital and the first mobile lab in the Pacific Northwest. The custom-built Science Adventure Lab is outfitted with research-grade equipment and space for up to 28 students to perform experiments at a time. The lab travels to schools across Washington to provide innovative, hands-on science curriculum to students in grades 4 to 12. The program prioritizes serving schools that are not otherwise able to provide their students with access to state-of-the-art laboratory facilities.

Jean Reid and her guests attend the dedication of the Robert and Jean Reid Bellevue Clinic and Surgery Center.

Seattle Children’s opens our newest clinic and outpatient-surgery center in Bellevue’s hospital district. The Bellevue Clinic and Surgery Center covers 79,000 square feet and features 32 exam rooms, two operating rooms and an MRI imaging room. The clinic transitions to walk-in urgent care in the evenings and on weekends, and is open 365 days a year.

Greta Oberhofer takes a walk around the hospital.

A breakthrough drug improves lung function and reduces hospital stays among cystic fibrosis patients. A multisite international clinical trial, led by Dr. Bonnie Ramsey of Seattle Children’s, confirmed that the drug ivacaftor significantly improves lung function in a subset of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Ivacaftor addresses the disease’s underlying cause, unlike previous treatments that have only addressed CF’s symptoms. Ivacaftor treats a genetic defect that affects 4% of all people with CF, providing a foothold for developing therapies that treat a much broader population of CF patients.

Seattle Children’s Research Institute adds two state-of-the-art facilities in 2011. Seattle Children’s completes a therapeutic cell manufacturing facility (one of just three in the country dedicated to pediatric research) to help Dr. Michael Jensen and his team develop ways to use a patient’s immune system to cure cancer. Seattle Children’s also opens an aquatics facility, where Dr. Mark Majesky and others can use zebrafish to study the regeneration of damaged tissue, with an eye toward developing cell therapies that repair tissue damage without surgery or transplantation.

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation awards $2.3 million to the research institute to complete development of the Seattle Children’s Positive Airway Pressure (Seattle-PAP) respiratory support device for premature infants. This low-tech, low-cost, low-maintenance device is for use in resource-limited healthcare settings, and can provide respiratory support for a fraction of the cost of conventional ventilators.

The research institute opens the Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research at 1100 Olive Way in the Denny Triangle neighborhood of downtown Seattle. The center will help develop new therapies for children with the most aggressive forms of cancer. The long-term mission is to replace cancer therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy with new therapies that can eliminate cancer without the devastating long- and short-term side effects of chemo and radiation.

Seattle Children’s becomes one of just a few medical centers in the U.S. to offer I-131-MIBG therapy to treat high-risk neuroblastoma through providers like Dr. Julie Park, a national leader in MIBG research. The novel therapy delivers radiation directly to tumors, exposing children to less radiation and fewer risks. I-131-MIBG is only available through clinical trials and compassionate use protocols. Our cancer center is active in national trials evaluating how to best implement this new therapy – a pivotal step toward determining whether it should become standard treatment.

Building Hope on Seattle Children’s hospital campus

Building Hope – officially “Forest A” – opens, adding 330,000 square feet of new space to the hospital campus, including an all-new, much larger emergency department with a revamped model of care that allows patients to be seen by a triage nurse right away. Building Hope also adds 80 new cancer and critical care beds, including the Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Unit, one of the first such units in the country. Research shows that adolescents and young adults with cancer have better outcomes when treated with pediatric protocols, but often feel uncomfortable in child-oriented children’s hospitals. Our 16-bed AYA unit includes amenities geared toward teens and young adults, like a therapy gym, lounge and rooftop terrace. The new facility receives LEED Gold certification, thanks to its environmentally-conscious building design that uses 47% less energy and 30% less water than similarly sized hospitals in the region.

The research institute becomes one of the nation’s top five pediatric research centers for National Institutes of Health funding with more than $76 million total research funding, including nearly $52 million in federal research funding. Among the fastest-growing pediatric research organizations in the United States, the institute now features 330,000 square feet of lab, clinical research and office space, and a workforce of nearly 1,200 people.

Seattle Children’s Research Institute’s cell production facility begins turning laboratory discoveries into therapies for clinical studies in people. Seattle Children’s boasts one of just a few pediatric facilities that meet strict FDA requirements for manufacturing cellular therapies to treat childhood diseases like cancer. The facility manufactures the immunotherapies for the trials that are giving new hope to patients with leukemia and other cancers. It will ultimately be used to develop the next generation of treatments and cures for many other childhood diseases.

Charles, Alyssa and Barbara Burnett

A $7 million gift from Charles and Barbara Burnett and Tessera, accompanied with steadfast advocacy, proves to be a catalyst for changing the way Seattle Children’s provides care for individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities. The generous gift allows Seattle Children’s to open the Alyssa Burnett Adult Life Center. The center’s program is designed to promote lifelong learning, enhance quality of life and provide meaningful ways for participants to take part in their community.

The Burnetts’ generosity was inspired by their daughter, Alyssa, who is significantly affected by autism.

“After Alyssa finished school, we had a very difficult time identifying viable options for her as she moved into the next stage of life,” says Barbara Burnett, Alyssa’s mother. “The majority of services offered to adults impacted by autism spectrum disorder simply stop after the age of 21, even though these individuals continue to learn and grow far into adulthood.”

The Burnett Center is committed to serving the broad spectrum of adults with developmental disabilities – from those heading to college or work to those who will need ongoing support throughout life.

Funding for Seattle Children’s Research Institute rises significantly in 2013, thanks in part to the largest donation in our history: $75 million from Jack R. MacDonald. Extramural funding for research at Seattle Children’s Research Institute rises to $91.9 million in fiscal year 2014 (an increase of 21% from the previous year). Funding from the National Institutes of Health – the largest source of medical research funding at Seattle Children’s – increases 20% to $55.9 million in 2014. Both industry and nonprofit organizations awards rise by more than 25% in 2014 to $9.8 million and $19.9 million, respectively.

In 2014, Seattle Children’s teams up with Seattle-based biotechnology company Kineta Inc. to launch the Alliance for Children’s Therapeutics. Kineta developed ShK-186, a drug candidate that targets the cells that go haywire in lupus and other autoimmune diseases. The drug has disarmed these cells in mice with minimal side effects. Seattle Children’s Dr. Anne Stevens works with Kineta’s Dr. Ernesto Munoz to study whether ShK-186 can have a similar impact on cells taken from pediatric lupus patients.

Seattle Children’s announces promising preliminary results of our PLAT-02 cancer immunotherapy clinical trial for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). 93% of the 22 patients in the trial achieved complete remission. In T-cell immunotherapy, T cells are taken from a child’s own blood and reprogrammed in the laboratory so they can recognize and kill cancer cells.

Seattle Children’s Research Institute makes strides with fruitful collaborations with two Seattle organizations – the University of Washington School of Dentistry and PATH – developing the Neonatal Intuitive Feeding TechnologY (NIFTY) cup, a simple, inexpensive, easy-to-clean, hand-held device that helps babies safely lap up milk. The cup could provide a solution for the millions of babies born each year in Africa and South Asia who can’t breastfeed/chestfeed due to orofacial clefting, prematurity and other infant or maternal health issues. After receiving a $250,000 validation award in 2015 from Saving Lives at Birth: A Grand Challenge for Development, the team takes the next steps in the device’s development: studying its effectiveness in Ethiopia, developing business and global advocacy plans and identifying a commercial partner to help scale up production of this simple intervention to a heartbreaking problem.

Seattle Children’s opens a 32,000-square-foot clinic in Federal Way. Seattle Children’s Federal Way serves families in south King and Pierce counties. South Clinic offers urgent care and services in more than 15 pediatric specialties.

Dr. Jeff Sperring succeeds Dr. Tom Hansen as our chief executive officer. Before Seattle Children’s, Sperring served as president and CEO of Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, one of the largest children’s hospitals in the U.S. He was at Riley since 2002 and also served as Riley’s chief medical officer, associate chief medical officer and director of pediatric hospital medicine.

“From the moment I walked in the front door and throughout the entire interview process, I saw an amazing level of passion, dedication, engagement and enthusiasm in everyone I met,” says Sperring. “I was also struck by the fact that when I arrived in Seattle for my first interview and told my cab driver where I was going, he immediately shared a story about his 3-year-old son and the great care they received at Seattle Children’s. I can tell the hospital is a place that everyone in the community supports and really views as their children’s hospital.”

Visitors explore the Discovery Portal at Seattle Children’s Research Institute.

In 2016, we receive our highest ranking ever – #5 among the nation’s children’s hospitals – from U.S. News & World Report. Our Department of Pediatrics at the University of Washington is also #5 in the nation and our Pediatric Residency Program is #4. Forbes magazine ranks us #10 on its list of America’s Best Employers. Our faculty and staff are recognized for providing compassionate care and conducting life-changing research. We kick off a facilities expansion effort to increase our ambulatory, inpatient and research space within the next few years.

Also in 2016, we refresh our mission and vision statements and introduce a strategic plan to address the needs of a new era, one that will be defined by population-based coordinated care to keep kids healthier; research to develop new cures; and translational science to bring truly innovative treatments to market. Seattle Children’s Research Institute marks its 10th anniversary and also reaches a milestone in extramural funding, exceeding $102 million for the year.

Artist’s rendering of Building Cure

In February 2017, we break ground on Seattle Children’s Research Institute: Building Cure (now Seattle Children's Research Institute: B. Wayne Hughes Building), a new research building that is dedicated to developing cell-based therapies for childhood diseases such as diabetes, cancer and sickle cell anemia. Located at Stewart Street and Terry Avenue in downtown Seattle, Building Cure will allow us to more than double the footprint of our research campus, helping us accomplish more life-changing research and recruit the best and brightest scientists from around the world.

At the groundbreaking, the research institute succeeds in a GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS™ attempt for the most people conducting a DNA isolation experiment simultaneously when more than 300 participants isolate the DNA of a strawberry.

In December 2017, we announce that Jeffrey and Susan Brotman and Pam and Dan Baty have made a $50 million gift to create the Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, which will combine the research strengths and capabilities of UW Medicine, Fred Hutch and Seattle Children’s. Precision medicine was born out of the Human Genome Project, the groundbreaking international research completed more than a decade ago to map the human genetic blueprint.

This knowledge was the launching pad to understanding how the functions of genes and proteins can radically change the field of medicine. Our deepening understanding of genetics enables us to optimize diagnoses, treatments and therapies for the individual patient. The gift, says Jeff Brotman’s friend and business associate Dan Baty, will be a lasting tribute to Brotman’s generosity and interest in furthering medicine to save lives and prevent disease and illness. (Brotman, who co-founded Costco with Jim Sinegal in 1983, passed away in August 2017.)

It Starts With Yes: The Campaign for Seattle Children’s

Brothers Jeremiah Nichols and Jonah Harris with their grandmother, Marva Harris, and Dr. Shaquita Bell at Odessa Brown Children’s Clinic

The strong community support that launched the hospital over 100 years ago continues today – and continues to make a difference for thousands of children in our region. Can we bring hope to a family in their time of need? Can we provide the care that will give her the healthiest future possible? Can we find a cure for his disease and not just treat the symptoms? Until we can say yes to every child and family, our work is far from done.

In 2017, Seattle Children’s launched It Starts With Yes: The Campaign for Seattle Children’s, a bold initiative to partner with our community and deliver on our shared vision to transform children’s health for generations to come. With your generous support, we can envision a day when we can say yes to hope, care and cure for every child.